Being able to regurgitate [surface knowledge] onto a test paper to gain as high a grade as possible is as far removed from education as it is possible to be. Exams are at best a snapshot of students’ memories at the time the test is administered. The exam itself tells us nothing about how children will cope with the messy, complex problems they will face in real life, or how good they are, for example, at working in a team.

from Learning with E’s: Educational Theory and Practice in the Digital Age by Steve Wheeler